Unit1 1. mean 的用法

1). mean doing sth. mean doing sth. 的意思是“意味著（必須要做某事或?qū)е路N結(jié)果）”, 其主語通常是指事物的詞。

2). mean to do sth. mean to do sth. 的意思是“打算或企圖做某事”，其主語通常是表示人的名詞或代詞，其過去完成式表示“本來打算做某事”。

3). mean sb. to do sth. mean sb. to do sth. 的意思是“打算讓某人做某事”，也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。

4). mean 后接名詞、副詞或從句 mean 后接名詞或副詞，意為“表示；打算；存心”等意思；后接that 從句，意為“表示……”。

5). be meant for 該短語的意思是“打算給予；打算作……用”。 In some parts of London, missing a bus means _____ for another hour. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting

2. take place 發(fā)生；舉行

① The performance didn’t take place after all. 演出終于沒有進(jìn)行。

② Was there anybody passing by when the accident took place? 事故發(fā)生時(shí)，有人路過那里嗎？與place相關(guān)短語： in the first place （用于列舉理由）首先，第一點(diǎn) in the last place 最后 in one’s place 處于某人的位置，為某人設(shè)身處地想一想 in place 放在原來的位置，就位 in place of 代替，用……而不用…… take one’s place 找替某人接替某人的位置 ★take place 不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)中 3. of all kinds 各種各樣的

【歸納】 all kinds of 各種各樣的 the same kind of 相同種類的 different kinds of 不同種類的 this/that kind of 這（那）種 a kind of 　 某種 That kind of question is very difficult to answer.= Questions of that kind are difficult to answer. We sell all kinds of shoes.= We sell shoes of all kinds.

③ You can see different kinds of animals in the zoo. = You can see animals of different kinds in the zoo. 你在動(dòng)物園可以看見不同種類的動(dòng)物。（用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空）

① Books of this kind ____ (sell) well in the bookstore.

② This kind of books ____ (sell) well in the bookstore.

①句中謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由“books”確定。

②句中的謂語動(dòng)詞由“kind”確定。

4. starve v. 挨餓; 餓死 He said he would starve rather than beg for food. 他說他寧愿挨餓也不要飯吃。 starve to death 餓死

5. plenty n. 富裕 days/years/...of plenty 富裕的日子/年月 You have a life of plenty, what would you be worried about? plenty pron. 大量; 充足 plenty of可修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞, 用于陳述句, 在疑問句中一般用enough, 在否定句中用many或者much。小心在plenty of前面沒有冠詞, 不可誤記成a plenty of。如: You needn’t hurry. There is plenty of time left. 你不必慌忙, 剩下的時(shí)間很充足。？？？ Taking plenty of exercise every day keeps you healthy. 每天多運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)使你身體健康。

6. 1) satisfy vt. 滿足,使…滿意; satisfy sb. satisfied a. 感到滿意的; be satisfied with satisfying a. 令人愉快的 satisfaction n. 滿意; to one’s satisfaction satisfactorily ad. 滿意地 satisfactory a. 令人滿意的 She bought a satisfactory computer—it’s cheap and of high quality. 辨析 satisfactory, satisfied, satisfying satisfactory, 指客觀的事物或主觀的表現(xiàn)達(dá)到要求而令人滿意, 主語一般用客體。 satisfied指主體對(duì)事物或表現(xiàn)感到滿意, 主語是主體(人) 如:She is satisfied with the service. 她對(duì)該項(xiàng)服務(wù)感到滿意。 satisfying: giving pleasure令人愉快, 主語是不定式, 常用于句型: It’s satisfying to do sth. 做…...使人滿意如:It’s satisfying to learn the success of his son in job-hunting.得知兒子找到工作,令他非常高興。 hurt, injure, harm, damage, wound的區(qū)別與用法 hurt 普通用語，既可指肉體上的傷害,也可精神上, 感情上的傷害。如:The girl hurt herself badly in the accident.那位女孩在那次事故中傷得很重。 injure比hurt正式, hurt多指?jìng)? 而injure則指損害健康, 成就, 容貌等,強(qiáng)調(diào)功能的損失。如:He injured his hand while playing basketball.他在打籃球時(shí)手受了傷。 damage主要指對(duì)于物的損害,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)于價(jià)值、用途、外觀等所造成的損失, 這種損失或因自然災(zāi)害所致, 或因人為造成。如： Several cars were damaged in the accident.好幾輛汽車在事故中損壞了。 wound 指槍傷, 刀傷, 刺傷等皮肉之傷, 是出血的, 嚴(yán)重的傷, 特指戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷, 它可以指肉體上的傷害, 也可指人們精神上的創(chuàng)傷。如: ？The bullet wounded his left leg. 子彈打傷了他的左腿。

7.origin n. 起源；源頭 the origins of the life on earth 地球上生命的起源。 in memory of/ to the memory of sb. 紀(jì)念某人 The statue was built in memory of the famous scientist.

8. dress作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí), 不接clothes之類的表示衣服的名詞, 而是接表示人的句詞或代詞, 意思是“給…穿衣服”。當(dāng)表示自己穿衣服時(shí), 則用反身代詞, 如： Wake up children and dress them. 喚醒孩子,給他們穿上衣服?！ress的過去分詞常用來構(gòu)成get dressed與be dressed短語, 前者表示動(dòng)態(tài), 后者表示靜態(tài), 穿何種衣服, 則用介詞in. 如： Harry up and get dressed. 快點(diǎn)穿上衣服。 The girl was dressed in red. 這個(gè)女孩穿著一身紅衣服。

dress up是“穿上最好的衣服”, 常指“打扮,化裝”，如: You should dress up when you take part in the party. She is ___ in red today and looks very beautiful. A. wearing B. having on C. dressing D. dressed

9. award. n. 獎(jiǎng), 獎(jiǎng)品 v. 判給, 授予 award sb. sth. 獎(jiǎng)賞某人某物辨析: award 和reward： award后接雙賓語 award sb. a metal 授予某人獎(jiǎng)?wù)?reward 獎(jiǎng)賞, 給…報(bào)酬, 不能接雙賓語; reward sb. for sth. 因 …獎(jiǎng)賞某人； reward sb. with sth. 用某物酬勞某人 She rewarded herself with a cup of coffee after a whole morning’s hard work.

10. admire v. 意為“贊賞;欽佩;羨慕;贊美;夸獎(jiǎng)” 注意: 表示“在某方面欽佩某人”用“admire sb. for sth.” We all admire him for his courage and bravery. 我們都?xì)J佩他的勇氣和膽識(shí)。

11. look forward to (doing) sth. 意為期待著(做)某事, 其中的to是介詞, 而不是動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)。 12. as though和as if沒有什么區(qū)別。as if用得普遍些, 卻可引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句和表語從句, 其從句謂語常用虛擬語氣。

(1) 引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句 She acted as though nothing had happened． 她裝得好像什么事也沒發(fā)生過似的。當(dāng)從句主語和主句主語一致,從句謂語中又含有動(dòng)詞to be時(shí), 可以把主語和to be一起省去。 He looked about as though (he was) in search of something． 他四處張望, 好像尋找什么。

(2) 引導(dǎo)表語從句 It looks as if it’s going to rain看樣子天要下雨 as though和as if從句用虛擬語氣,還是用陳述語氣。完全根據(jù)具體情況而定。如果從句表示的意思與事實(shí)完全相反,或者純粹是一種假設(shè), 通常用虛擬語氣。 The child talks as if she were an adult. 那孩子說話的樣子好像她是個(gè)大人。

13. have fun意為“過得快樂”同義詞組為have a good time, enjoy oneself. 短語有have fun ( in ) doing sth. 14. But she didn’t turn up.

1) 來, 出席(某活動(dòng)) I’m very happy you turned up so early.

2) 把(收音機(jī)等)音量開大一些, 其反義短語是turn down. Turn up the radio a little, I can scarcely hear the program. 相關(guān)短語: turn down 拒絕 turn off 關(guān)掉 turn on 打開 turn out 結(jié)果是..... .turn to sb. for help 向某人求助

15. keep one’s word 意為“守信用”,其反義詞是break one’s word, 即“失信”。 注意：keep one’s word和break one’s word中的名詞word不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式。相關(guān)短語： in a word/in short/to be short 簡言之；總之 have a word with sb. 與某人談話 have words with sb. 與某人發(fā)生口角 in other words 換句話說 16. obvious adj.

1) obvious+ to + 表示人的名詞或代詞 Her disappointment was obvious to her friend.

2) It + be + obvious +that-clause It was obvious that she was in danger. 辨析：obvious/apparent/clear

1) obvious 是三者中程度最強(qiáng)的，含有“一目了然” 之意。 It is obvious that you are wrong.

2) apparent 指具有某些明顯的跡象的，側(cè)重與經(jīng)歷推理才能看出結(jié)果。 It was apparent from his face that he was lying.

3) clear 作“明白的，清楚的”講。指不模糊含混，易于觀察，了解和識(shí)別。 He seems clear about his plans. 17. marry 的用法：

1) 她嫁給了一個(gè)律師。 She married a doctor. 表示“和......結(jié)婚”，“嫁......”，“娶......”時(shí)，marry為及物動(dòng)詞，要用marry sb.，而不用marry with sb.

2) 她和一位律師結(jié)婚了。 She was married to a lawyer. 表示婚姻狀態(tài), 后接賓語時(shí)要用介詞to， 而不用with.

3) 他們結(jié)婚三年了。 They have been married for three years. 注意：marry和get married 都表示短暫行為，不能和表示一段時(shí)間的短語連用，而have been married則表示婚姻狀態(tài)，可以與表示婚姻狀態(tài)持續(xù)多久的時(shí)間狀語連用。

18. set off: 動(dòng)身, 出發(fā); 使（地雷、炸彈）爆炸; 使某物更有吸引力相關(guān)短語： set about doing sth. 著手（做某事） set in 開始 set up 建立，創(chuàng)立 set down 寫下，記下 set somebody to do something. 使某人開始工作 set somebody doing something 使某人處于某種動(dòng)的狀態(tài)

19. remind vi. remind sb. of sth. remind sb. to do sth. remind sb. that unit2 diet和food的區(qū)別 2. balanced diet You ought to have a balanced state of mind. 你應(yīng)該保持心態(tài)平衡。 Try to balance your diet by eating more fruit. 多吃一些水果, 使飲食均衡。 Please gain a better balance between work and play. 請(qǐng)爭取把工作和娛樂更好地結(jié)合起來。 always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly和never是英語中最常見的頻度副詞,它們?cè)诰渲械奈恢么笾孪嗤和ǔ７旁谛袨閯?dòng)詞之前,系動(dòng)詞be、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后。但它們所表示的含義及頻度是各不相同的。

(1) always的頻度為100%,表示動(dòng)作重復(fù)、狀態(tài)繼續(xù)，中間沒有間斷, 意思是“總是”、“永遠(yuǎn)地”。

(2) usually的頻度為70%左右，意為“通?！?、“平常”, 即很少有例外。

(3) often的頻度為50%左右,意為“常常”,但不如usually那么頻繁, 表示動(dòng)作重復(fù), 中間有間斷。

(4) sometimes的頻度為20%左右,意為“有時(shí)”,表示動(dòng)作偶爾發(fā)生?？梢晕挥诰涫?以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。

(5) hardly的頻度為5%左右,意為“幾乎不”、“簡直不”,常和ever連用表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。

(6) never的頻度為0,意為“從來不”、“永不”。

4. 用比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)的意義Nothing could have been better

5 .be tired of + n. 厭倦…

6. curiosity n. 好奇心 curious adj. 好奇的，稀奇的 curiously adv. Curiosity leads him to the ancient castle.

7. whether and if 的區(qū)別：

1) 用于動(dòng)詞之后, 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)可以互換。

2) if 不可以和 or not 直接連用而 whether可以。

3) whether to do I don't know whether to answer it.

4) whether 可引導(dǎo)同位語、表語從句。

5) whether 可以放在句首引導(dǎo)主語從句而if 不可以。

8. have sb. doing 表示允許或容忍(某事物)發(fā)生此處的have 用在否定句中, 特別是用在will not, can not 等之后。

9. get away with doing sth. 不因某事受懲罰 get away with sth. 偷攜某物潛逃。

10. earn one’ living by...=live by...=make a living by... 謀生/掙錢維持生活

11.be in debt欠債 be out of debt還清債務(wù)be in sb’s debt欠某人之情 12.no longer=not ...any longer 不再

1) no more/no longer no more表示數(shù)量上或程度上“不再” no longer 表示時(shí)間上“不再”延續(xù) He is no more a student. He is no longer young.

2) no more...than/not more...than no more...than ......和......一樣不（兩者都否定） not more...than 不如...(前者不如后者) Xiao Li is no more diligent than John.小李不勤奮，約翰也不勤奮。 Xiao Li is not more diligent than John.小李不如約翰勤奮。

13.glare at sb. 怒目注視某人 stare at／into 盯著

14.only to do sth. 表示一個(gè)與主語愿望相反的或出乎主語預(yù)料的結(jié)果.或用來暗示最初的未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。 Only doing sth. 表示謂語動(dòng)詞本身的動(dòng)作造成的結(jié)果。 For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only to be told to come again the next day. He died, only leaving nothing but debts.

15.1) agree with sb./with one’s words表示同意某人、同意某人的話或觀點(diǎn), 含有贊賞地、肯定地對(duì)待某事之意。

2) be agreed（on /about sth.） 意為 “達(dá)成協(xié)議；意見一致”。 Agree to sth. 表示“同意某事或某項(xiàng)建議”，后面只能接表示“提議，計(jì)劃，方案”的名詞。

3) agree to do sth. 表示“同意做某事”，

4) agree 后面接從句

Unit3 1.A large quantity of money= a large sum of money 常用于修飾不可數(shù)名詞。 a large amount of money

1) 只用于修飾可數(shù)名詞的有: dozens of scores of a great many a big (large/great) number of big (large/great) numbers of

2) 只用于修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有: much a great (good) deal of a great (good) amount of

3) 既可修飾可數(shù)名詞, 也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有: a lot of lots of plenty of a large quantity of 2. do with/deal with兩個(gè)都有 “處理,對(duì)付”之意 do with中的do是及物動(dòng)詞; 而deal with中的deal是不及物動(dòng)詞,所以do with用what提問, deal with用how提問。

3. make a bet on sth. with sb.= bet on sth. with sb. I bet …= I’m certain… 我肯定…

4. be about to do 正要（即將）做某事辨析：be about to/ be to/ be going to 1)be about to do sth. 表示 “馬上就要”，一般不和時(shí)間狀語連用。

2)be to表示按計(jì)劃或職責(zé)、義務(wù)要求必須做的事或即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

3)be going to打算將要做某事，也可表示很可能發(fā)生的事或自然現(xiàn)象。

5. be lost 迷路；傾心于某事

6. permit someone to do 準(zhǔn)許……做某事 permit doing 準(zhǔn)許做某事 permit 表示“允許，許可”時(shí)語氣較強(qiáng)，有賦予權(quán)利之意，常用于法律、規(guī)章、制度等方面。allow是常用語， 一般指聽任或默認(rèn)某人去做某事，僅僅表示不想妨礙之意

7. by accident= by chance

8. find oneself +介詞短語/分詞 (發(fā)現(xiàn)某人自己不知不覺…)

9. earn one’s passage 掙取旅費(fèi)

10. account for 對(duì)……做出解釋；說明原因

11.to be honest (with sb.)= to tell you the truth = honestly speaking

12.1) tiny: very small 極小的，微小的 a tiny baby, a tiny schoo

l 2) not a little 許多，很 not a bit 一點(diǎn)也不

13.take a/ the/ chance/ chances 碰運(yùn)氣；冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

14.manner 表“方式，方法”，常用單數(shù)； 表“舉止，態(tài)度”，也用單數(shù)； 表“禮貌，禮儀”，常用復(fù)數(shù)。

15.in rags 衣衫襤褸

16.even if even though 即使

17.mind (sb/sb’s) doing something表示“介意或反對(duì)某人做某事” Do you mind if+從句（謂語動(dòng)詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）? 表示“你介意（某人做某事）嗎？ would mind if+從句（謂語動(dòng)詞常用過去式），表示“如果……的話, 某人會(huì)介意的

18.“It is +形容詞+of / for someone to do…”句型中

Unit4

1. think of sb./sth. as... think sb. to be... think well /highly / much of think ill / little / poorly of... be well thought of…

2. in time in time (for sth. /to do sth.): 與time相關(guān)的短語: in no time 立刻,馬上 at times 有時(shí) at a time 每次;依次 once upon a time 從前 on time 按時(shí);準(zhǔn)時(shí) at one time 從前 for the time being 暫時(shí) from time to time 不時(shí)地

3. cool down 變涼, 冷卻

4. appear 是指根據(jù)事物的外表表象做出判斷的, 但實(shí)質(zhì)上并不一定如此; seem是表示說話人主觀上的判斷, 暗含有一定的根據(jù), 往往接近事實(shí)的判斷; look是根據(jù)視覺印象而得出的判斷, 實(shí)質(zhì)上也可能如此。 appear, look, seem 后均可帶名詞、形容語、to be 結(jié)構(gòu)。 look 可用于進(jìn)行時(shí),而 seem, appear 一般不能。 appear 和 seem 之后可接動(dòng)詞不定式的一般式、完成式以及其他形式,而 look 之后除了能接to be 結(jié)構(gòu)外,不接其它動(dòng)詞不定式形式。 look, seem 能與介詞 like 構(gòu)成習(xí)語，意思是“看上去象”, 而 appear 卻不能 seem, look 后均可接 as if , as though 引導(dǎo)的表語從句,從句中既可用陳述語氣也可用虛擬語氣,而 appear 則不能。 appear 和seem 均可接 that 引導(dǎo)的從句,而 look 不能。 appear 和 seem 可用于there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中,而 look 不能